CLARKES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AS COMPARISON STANDARDS IN ECOGEOCHEMISTRY
Abstract
The environmental pollution assessment is usually based on the use of the following three main comparison standards: threshold values or other hygienic limits, geochemical background levels of pollutants an clarkes of chemical elements. Clarkes of chemical elements in the upper continental crust differ significantly from author to author. Therefore a geochemical range of the clarkes of chemical elements calculated as a ratio of the maximum and minimum clarkes values of the same element is a quantitative measure of the difference. Basing on the geochemical range of clarkes chemical elements were organized into four groups: with high (>5) for Cd, Hg, B, BI, C, Cl, N, Pd, S, Te; medium (2,5—5,0) for As, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sb, Au, Be, I, Sn, Tl; low (1,5—2,5) for Zn, Co, Ba, Mn, Sr, V, W, Ag, Ca, Cs, Fe, H, La, Mg; and very low geochemical range (<1,5), for F, Pb, Al, Ge, K, Na, P, Ti. The highest geochemical range is typical for the most dangerous pollutants and for other chemical elements commonly studied during the ecological and geochemical investigations. It could be recommended to apply K.H. Wedepohl’s estimates as clarkes for Cl. Br, C, N, S, Tl and Sn; R.I. Rudnick and R. Gao’s estimates for Cd, Pd, Mo and Au. Estimates of Z. Hu and S. Gao could be used for Te, Bi and Cu while those of N.A. Grigoriev are recommended as clarkes for B, Hg, Ni, Cr, As, Sb, I and Be.
About the Authors
N. S. Kasimov
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
D. V. Vlasov
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. Алексеенко В.А., Алексеенко А.В. Химические элементы в геохимических системах. Кларки почв селитебных ландшафтов. Ростов н/Д: Изд-во ЮФУ, 2013. 380 с. Alekseenko V.A., Alekseenko A.V. Himicheskie jelementy v geohimicheskih sistemah. Klarki pochv selitebnyh landshaftov [Chemical elements in geochemical systems. The abundances in urban soils], Izdatel’stvo JuFU, Rostovon-Don, 2013, 380 p. (in Russian).
2. Беус А.А., Грабовская Л.И., Тихонова Н.В. Геохимия окружающей среды. М.: Недра, 1976. 248 с. Beus A.A., Grabovskaja L.I., Tihonova N.V. Geohimija okruzhajushhej sredy [Environmental Geochemistry], Nedra, Moscow, 1976, 248 p. (in Russian).
3. Виноградов А.П. Среднее содержание химических элементов в главных типах изверженных пород земной коры // Геохимия. 1962. № 7. С. 555—571. Vinogradov A.P. Srednee soderzhanie himicheskih jelementov v glavnyh tipah izverzhennyh porod zemnoj kory [The average content of chemical elements in the main types of igneous rocks of the Earth’s crust], Geokhimiya, 1962, no 7, pp. 555—571 (in Russian).
4. Герасимова М.И., Строганова М.Н., Можарова Н.В., Прокофьева Т.В. Антропогенные почвы (генезис, география, рекультивация) / Под ред. Г.В. Добровольского. М.: Ойкумена, 2003. 266 с. Gerasimova M.I., Stroganova M.N., Mozharova N.V., Prokof’eva T.V. Antropogennye pochvy (genezis, geografija, rekul’tivacija) [Anthropogenic soils (genesis, geography, remediation], ed. by G.V. Dobrovol’skij, Ojkumena, Moscow, 2003, 266 p. (in Russian).
5. Григорьев Н.А. Распределение химических элементов в верхней части континентальной коры. Екатеринбург: УрО РАН, 2009. 382 с. Grigoriev N.A. Raspredelenie himicheskih jelementov v verhnej chasti kontinental’noj kory [Chemical element distribution in the upper continental crust], UrO RAN, Ekaterinburg, 2009, 382 p. (in Russian).
6. Гринвуд Н.Н., Эрншо А. Химия элементов. Т. 1, 2. М.: Бином. Лаборатория знаний, 2008. 607+670 с. Greenwood N.N., Earnshaw A. Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997. 1600 p.
7. Касимов Н.С., Власов Д.В. Технофильность химических элементов в начале XXI века // Вестн. Моск. ун-та. Сер. 5. География. 2012. № 1. С. 15—22. Kasimov N.S., Vlasov D.V. Tehnofil’nost’ himicheskih jelementov v nachale XXI veka [Technophility of chemical elements in the beginning of the 21st century], Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, seria Geografiya, 2012, no 1, pp. 15—22 (in Russian).
8. Кошелева Н.Е., Касимов Н.С., Сорокина О.И., Гунин П.Д. Геохимия техногенных ландшафтов г. Улан-Батор // Геохимия ландшафтов и география почв / Под ред. Н.С. Касимова, М.И. Герасимовой. М.: АПР, 2012. С. 207—235. Kosheleva N.E., Kasimov N.S., Sorokina O.I., Gunin P.D. Geohimija tehnogennyh landshaftov g. Ulan-Bator [Geochemistry of technogenic landscapes of Ulaanbaatar City], In: Geohimija landshaftov i geografija pochv, ed. by N.S. Kasimov, M.I. Gerasimova, APR, Moscow, 2012, pp. 207—235 (in Russian).
9. Ронов А.Б., Ярошевский А.А., Мигдисов А.А. Химическое строение земной коры и геохимический баланс главных элементов. М.: Наука, 1990. 180 с. Ronov A.B., Yaroshevsky A.A., Migdisov A.A. Himicheskoe stroenie zemnoj kory i geohimicheskij balans glavnyh jelementov [Chemical composition of the Earth’s crust and the geochemical balance of the main elements], Nauka, Moscow, 1990, 180 p. (in Russian).
10. СанПиН 2.1.7.1287-03. 2.1.7. Почва, очистка населенных мест, бытовые и промышленные отходы, санитарная охрана почвы. Санитарно-эпидемиологические требования к качеству почвы. Санитарно-эпидемиологические правила и нормативы, с изменениями от 25.04.2007. URL: http://files.stroyinf.ru/Data1/11/11782/ (дата обращения: 10.11.2014). SanPiN 2.1.7.1287-03. 2.1.7. Pochva, ochistka naselennyh mest, bytovye i promyshlennye othody, sanitarnaja ohrana pochvy. Sanitarno-jepidemiologicheskie trebovanija k kachestvu pochvy. Sanitarno-jepidemiologicheskie pravila i normativy, s izmenenijami ot 25.04.2007 [Soil, purification of settlements, domestic and industrial wastes, sanitary protection of soil. Sanitary requirements to the soil quality. Sanitary rules and standards, amended on 25.04.2007], URL: http://files.stroyinf.ru/Data1/11/11782/ (Accessed: 10.11.2014).
11. Ярошевский А.А. Распространенность химических элементов в земной коре // Геохимия. 2006. № 1. С. 54—62. Yaroshevsky A.A. Abundances of chemical elements in the Earth’s crust // Geochemistry Intern. 2006. Vol. 44, N 1. P. 48—55.
12. Chalov S., Lychagin M., Kasimov N. et al. Water resources assessment of the Selenga-Baikal river system // Geo-Öko (J. of Geoecology). 2013. Vol. 34, N 70. P. 77—102.
13. Chemistry of Europe’s agricultural soils. Part A: Methodology and interpretation of the GEMAS data set / Ed. by C. Reimann, M. Birke, A. Demetriades, P. Filzmozer, P. O’Connor. Hannover: Schweiserbart Sci. Publ., 2014. 528 p.
14. Clarke F.W. The relative abundance of the chemical elements // Phil. Soc. Washington. 1889. Bull. XI. P. 131—142.
15. Gao S., Luo T.-C., Zhang B.-R. et al. Chemical composition of the continental crust as revealed by studies in East China // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1998. Vol. 62, Iss. 11. P. 1959—1975.
16. Goldschmidt V.M. Grundlagen der quantitativen Geochemie // Fortschr. Mineral. Kirst. Petrogr. 1933. N 17. P. 112.
17. Hu Z., Gao S. Upper crustal abundances of trace elements: A revision and update // Chem. Geol. 2008. Vol. 253, Iss. 3—4. P. 205—221.
18. Kasimov N.S., Vlasov D.V. Global and regional geochemical indexes of production of chemical elements // Geography, Environment, Sustainability. 2014. Vol. 7, N 1. P. 52—65.
19. Ronov A.B., Yaroshevsky A.A. Earth’s Crust Geochemistry // Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences / Ed. by R.W. Fairbridge. N.Y., 1972. P. 243—254.
20. Rudnick R.L., Gao S. Composition of the continental crust // Treatise on Geochemistry. Vol. 3. The Crust. Elsevier Sci., 2003. P. 1—64.
21. Shaw D.M., Cramer J.J., Higgins M.D., Truscott M.G. Composition of the Canadian Precambrian shield and the continental crust of the Earth // The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust / Ed. by J.B. Dawson, D.A. Carswell, J. Hall, K.H. Wedepohl. L.: Geol. Soc. of London, 1986. P. 257—282.
22. Shaw D.M., Dostal J., Keays R.R. Additional estimates of continental surface Precambrian shield composition in Canada // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1976. Vol. 40, Iss. 1. P. 73—83.
23. Taylor S.R., McLennan S.M. The continental crust: Its composition and evolution. Oxford: Blackwell Sci. Publ., 1985. 330 p.
24. Treatise on geochemistry. Vol. 3. The Crust / Ed. by R.L. Rudnick. Elsevier Sci., 2003. 659 p.
25. Turekian K.K. Encyclopedia of science and technology. Vol. 4. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1970. 627 p.
26. Valero Al., Valero An., Vieillard P. The thermodynamic properties of the upper continental crust: Exergy, Gibbs free Energy and Enthalpy // ECOS, 2010. URL: http://www.exergoecology.com/Members/aliciavd/Properties_earth1.pdf (Accessed: 11.07.2014).
27. Wedepohl K.H. The composition of the continental crust // Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 1995. Vol. 59, N 7. P. 1217—1232.
Review
For citations:
Kasimov N.S., Vlasov D.V. CLARKES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AS COMPARISON STANDARDS IN ECOGEOCHEMISTRY. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya. 2015;(2):7-17. (In Russ.)
Views:
2215
Email this article 
