Specialization and structure of the regions of nature-oriented tourism

The article studies and specifies the concepts of nature-oriented tourism. Specific features of tourist zoning and specialization of active tourism areas are determined. The structure of uninhabited territories, i.e. the areas of inaccessibility, and the most remote points from the infrastructure, i.e. the poles of inaccessibility, is discussed. The area of inaccessibility located in the Kvarkush tourist region of the Perm Territory is investigated.

All areas of active and sports tourism could be classified into three types, namely extremely specialized, broadly specialized and non-specialized. The specialization of a tourist area is determined by the presence of category routes and category obstacles of sports tourism. The tourists come from faraway regions to engage in active or sports tourism in the area. The area is associated with specific «reference» types of active tourism, which create practicable and logical basis for organization of touristic activities.

The Kvarkush tourist region within the territory of the Perm region has an area of inaccessibility which will be the most attractive for active and sports tourism. The following factors indicate the formation of the tourist area: five entry points through which tourists could get to the objects of interest are available; almost all tourist routes finish within the area; active tourism has become the specialization of the territory. Using the example of the Kvarkush tourist area, a universal model of the morphological structure of inaccessibility areas has been developed. In addition, each area of inaccessibility has its own borders, entrances to the territory, a pole of inaccessibility, i. e. the most remote point from infrastructure facilities, and different types of attendance zones, namely short-term, long-term, regular, irregular, or the lack of attendance.

1. Aleksandrova A.Yu. Geografiya turizma [Geography of tourism], Moscow, Knorus Publ., 2013, 592 р. (In Russian)

2. Aleksandrova A.Yu. Mezhdunarodnyj turizm [International tourism], Moscow, Knorus Publ., 2002, 464 р. (In Russian)

3. Allan J.R. et al. Recent increases in human pressure and forest loss threaten many Natural World Heritage Sites, Biol. Conserv, 2017, no. 206, p. 47–55.

4. Babkin A.V. Special’nye vidy turizma: uchebnoe posobie [Special types of tourism: manual], Rostov na Donu, Feniks Publ., 2008, 117 р. (In Russian)

5. Birzhakov M.B. Vvedenie v turizm [Introduction to tourism], Moscow – Saint Petersburg, Nevskij Fond Publ., 2006, 512 р. (In Russian)

6. Gorelick N. et al. Google Earth Engine: planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sens. Environ., 2017, no. 202, p. 18–27.

7. Hrabovchenko V.V. Ekologicheskij turizm [Ecological tourism], Moscow, Finansy i statistika Publ., 2004, 208 р. (In Russian)

8. Huden’kih Yu.A. Permskij turizm [Perm tourism], Perm, 2006, 191 р. (In Russian)

9. Ibisch P.L. et al. A global map of roadless areas and their conservation status, Science, 2016, no. 354, p. 1423–1427.

10. Kvartal’nov V.A. Teoriya i praktika turizma: uchebnik [Theory and practice of tourism: textbook], Moscow, Finansy i statistika Publ., 2003, 671 р. (In Russian)

11. Korolev A.Yu. Polyusy nedostupnosti mikrourovnya, kak faktor zimnej odnodnevnoj rekreacii gorodskogo naseleniya [Microlevel poles of inaccessibility as a factor of the one-day winter recreation of urban population], Geograficheskij vestnik, 2018, no. 3(46), p. 92–97. (In Russian)

12. Korolev A.Yu. Etalonnyj metod ocenki potenciala territorii dlya celej sportivnogo turizma [Standard method of assessing the potential of a territory for sport tourism], Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2007, no. 1, p. 48–51. (In Russian)

13. Korolev A.Yu., Safaryan A.A. Evaluation of the natural recreation system of the Perm region, Geography, environment, sustainability, 2018, no. 4, p. 24–38.

14. Kosolapov A.B. Geografiya rossijskogo vnutrennego turizma: uchebnoe posobie [Geography of Russian domestic tourism: manual], Moscow, Knorus Publ., 2017, 262 p. (In Russian)

15. Kuskov A.S., Dzhaladyan Yu.A. Osnovy turizma: uchebnik [The fundamentals of tourism: a textbook], Moscow, Knorus Publ., 2008, 352 p. (In Russian)

16. Michurin S.B. Bezopasnost’ kak prioritetnaya sostavlyayushchaya razvitiya turizma: mnogoaspektnaya sushchnost’ ponyatiya [Security as a priority component of tourism development: a multidimensional essence of the concept], Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Geografiya. Geoekologiya, 2012, no. 2, p. 27–31. (In Russian)

17. Myshlyavceva S.E. [Active (nature-oriented) tourism: the history of the species, modern forms and development trends]. Turizm v glubine Rossii. [Tourism in the remote parts of Russia] Proc. of the 4th All-Russian Scientific Seminar. Perm State National Research University; Perm regional branch of the Russian Geographical Society; Faculty of Geography of the PGNIU, Department of Tourism, 2016, p. 55–57. (In Russian)

18. Myshlyavceva S.E. Set’ turistskih marshrutov i ohranyaemye prirodnye territorii v regionah Urala [Network of tourist routes and protected natural territories in the regions of the Urals], Geograficheskij vestnik, 2007, no. 1–2(5–6), p. 193–197. (In Russian)

19. Rodoman B.B. Polyarizovannaya biosfera [Polarized biosphere], Smolensk, Ojkumena Publ., 2002, 336 p. (In Russian)

20. Vasil’eva A.E. Rekreacionnoe rajonirovanie Bashkirii [Recreational zoning of Bashkortostan], Geografiya i turizm, 2006, no. 2, p. 24–31. (In Russian)

21. Volhonskaya G.P. [Extreme tourism in Russia: problems and development prospects], Nauchnye trudy SibGUFK [Transactions of the SibGUFK], 2016, p. 77–81. (In Russian)

22. Vostokov I.E., Panov S.N. Russkij turist. Normativnye akty po sportivno-ozdorovitel’nomu turizmu v Rossii na 2001–2004 gg. [Russian tourist. Regulations on sport and health tourism in Russia for 2001–2004], Moscow, 2001, 213 p. (In Russian)

23. Weiss D.J., Nelson A., Gibson H.S. A global map of travel time to cities to assess inequalities in accessibility in 2015. Nature, 2018, no. 553, p. 333–336.

24. Zyryanov A.I., Korolev A.Yu. Turistskoe rajonirovanie gornyh territorij [Tourist zoning of mountain areas], Vestn. Mosk. un-ta, Ser. 5, Geogr., 2009, no. 6, p. 19–25. (In Russian)