ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF ANTIGLAZE TREATMENT ON SOILS OF THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF MOSCOW.

The environmental consequences of long-term use of de-icing salts (DS) in the Eastern Administrative District (EAD) ofMoscowmanifest themselves as anthropogenic salinity and alkalinity of soils. Chemical composition of reagents, levels and distribution patterns of soluble salts and exchangeable cations in snow meltwater and soils were described for different land-use zones. Mixtures of DS salts based on sodium chloride and sodium cause salinization and alkalinization of soils. These salts produce dispersion and peptization of soil colloids, which coagulate under the influence of salt electrolytes, thus increasing soil density. Alkalinization of snow cover in EAD is characterized by an average increase in pH compared to the background level by 0,6 units. The average salinity of meltwater is 19,4 mg/l, which is 2 times higher than the background values. According to the ion composition, snow waters belong to sodium chloride and calcium chloride classes due to the influence of the DS main salt compounds – NaCl and CaCl2. Inheriting the chemical composition of snow, urban soils acquired a neutral reaction (average pH 7,2), mineralization (15,2 cmol-eq/kg) and the solid residue (0,48%) which is 20–16 times higher than the background level. Ions of Cl and Na with enrichment factor about 100 prevail in the soil solution. According to the data of 2010, most urban soils had an average salinity and low degree of alkalinity. Extensive and contrasting technogenic anomalies of salts and exchangeable Na formed in the soil cover. Soils of traffic and industrial zones demonstrated the highest degree of salinity with NaCl and CaCl2 (up to 1,3–1,6% of solid residue) and alkalinity (up to 12–14,5% of the cation sum). Maps of soluble salts and exchangeable sodium content in the surface soil layer compiled for the EAD territory showed the extent of soil degradation as a result of its anthropogenic alkalinity. Degradation processes have affected more than 50% of the area. Soils near highways with a total area of 22,2% were assigned to the category of strongly and moderately degraded soils. Slightly degraded soils, which occupy 32% of the territory, remained in the center of the district. Non-degraded soils with an area of 45,8% are located in the residential area southward from the Enthusiasts’ highway, in park Kuskovo, as well as in the eastern part of the district located outside theMoscowautomobile ring road.

1. Amrhein C., Strong J.E., Mosher P.A. Effect of deicing salts on metal and organic matter mobilization in roadside soils // Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992. Vol. 26. P. 703–709.

2. Bäckström M., Karlsson S., Bäckman L. et al. Mobilisation of heavy metals by deicing salts in a roadside environment // Water Res. 2004. Vol. 38. P. 720–732.

3. Вrady C.B., Weil R.R. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 11th ed., London, Prentice Hall International Editions, 1996, 739 p.

4. Bryson G.M., Barker A.V. Sodium accumulation in soils and plants along Massachusetts roadsides // Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 2002. Vol. 33(1–2). P. 67–78.

5. Chernousenko G.I., Jamnova I.A., Skripnikova M.N . Antropogennoe zasolenie pochv Moskvy // Pochvovedenie. 2003. N 1. P. 97–105 (in Russian).

6. Czerniawska-Kusza I., Kusza G., Duzynski M. Effect of deicing salts on urban soils and health status of roadside trees in the Opole region // Environ Toxicol. 2004. Vol. 19(4). P. 296–301.

7. Eremina I.D., Grigor’ev A.V. Kislotnost’ i himicheskij sostav snezhnogo pokrova v Moskve i Podmoskov’e za period 1999– 2006 gg. // Vest. Mosk. un-ta. Ser. 5. Geografija. 2010. N 3. P. 56–60 (in Russian).

8. Gerasimov A.O. Ocenka toksichnosti novyh protivogololednyh sredstv dlja vysshih rastenij // Jekologija I promyshlennost’ Rossii. Analiz. Metodiki. Prognozy. 2013. N 3. Р. 58–62 (in Russian).

9. Homjakov D.M. Protivogololednye reagenty na ob#ektah dorozhnogo hozjajstva Moskvy. Opyt proshedshego desjatiletija // Dorozhnaja derzhava. 2013. № 47. P. 92–96 (in Russian).

10. Joutti A., Schultz E., Pessala P. et al. Ecotoxity of Alternative de-Icers // J. Soils & Sediments. 2003. Vol. 3(4). P. 269–272.

11. Kasimov N.S. Metodologija i metodika landshaftnogeohimicheskogo analiza gorodov // Jekogeohimija gorodskih landshafеov / Pod red. N.S. Kasimova. M.: Izd-vo Mosk. Un-ta, 1995. P. 6–39 (in Russian).

12. Kasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E., Vlasov D.V., Terskaja E.V. Geohimija snezhnogo pokrova v Vostochnom okruge Moskvy // Vestn. Mosk. un-ta. Ser. Geografija. 2012. № 4. P. 14–25 (in Russian).

13. Kasimov N.S., Nikiforova E.M. Geohimija gorodov i gorodskih landshaftov / Jekologija goroda / Pod red. A.S. Kurbatovoj i dr. M.: Nauchnyj mir, 2004. P. 234–268 (in Russian).

14. Kim S.-Y., Koretsky C. Effects of road salt deicers on sediment biogeochemistry // Biogeochemistry. 2013. Vol. 112(1–3). P. 343–358. DOI: 10.1007/s10533-012-9728-x.

15. Kosheleva N.E., Kasimov N.S., Nikiforova E.M. Sovremennoe jekologo-geohimicheskoe sostojanie pochv Moskvy // Jekologicheskie problemy promyshlennyh gorodov. Ch. 1. Saratov, 2011. P. 79–85 (in Russian).

16. Kosheleva N.E., Nikiforova E.M. Antropogennaja transformacija fiziko-himicheskih svojstv gorodskih pochv i ee vlijanie na nakoplenie svinca: Mat-ly II Mezhdunar. Nauchn. konf. «Sovremennye problemy zagrjaznenija pochv», 28 maja–1 ijunja 2007. M.: MGU, 2007. P. 123–127 (in Russian).

17. Labutina I.A., Hajbrahmanov T.S. Funkcional’noe zonirovanie territorii VAO g. Moskvy dlja celej jekologicheskogo monitoringa // InterKarto/InterGIS-16. Ustojchivoe razvitie territorij: teorija GIS i prakticheskij opyt: Mat-ly mezhdunar. Nauchn. konf. Rostov-naDonu, 2010. P. 234–236 (in Russian).

18. Li F., Zhang Y., Fan Z., Oh K. Accumulation of de-icing salts and its short-term effect on metal mobility in urban roadside soils // Bull. Environm. Contamination and Toxicology. 2015. Vol. 94 (4). P. 525–531. DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1481-0.

19. Metodika opredelenija razmerov ushherba ot degradacii pochv i zemel’ // Preprint. Upr. ohrany pochv i zemel’nyh resursov Minprirody Rossii i Upr. monitoringa zemel’ i ohrany pochv Roskomzema. M., 1994, 13 p. (in Russian).

20. Nelson S.S., Yonge D.R., Barber M.E. Effects of road salts on heavy metal mobility in two eastern Washington soils // J Environ Eng. 2009. Vol. 135(7). P. 505–510. DOI: 10.1061//asce/0733-9372/ 2009/135:7/505.

21. Nikiforova E.M., Kasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E. Mnogoletnjaja dinamika antropogennogo zasolenija pochv Moskvy (na primere Vostochnogo okruga) // Pochvovedenie. 2014. N 3. P. 351–363 (in Russian).

22. Nikolaev L.F., Ocheli O.V., Porshaleva E.B . i dr. Protivogololednye reagenty i ih vlijanie na prirodnuju sredu. M.: Dialog-MGU, 1998, 60 p. (in Russian).

23. Norrström A.-C., Bergstedt B. The impact of road de-icing salts (NaCl) on colloid dispersion and base cation pools in roadside soils // Water Air Soil Pollut. 2001. Vol. 127. P. 281–299.

24. Obuhov A.I., Lepneva O.M. Jekologicheskie posledstvija primenenija protivogololednyh soedinenij na gorodskih avtomagistraljah i mery po ih ustraneniju // Jekologicheskie issledovanija v Moskve i Moskovskoj oblasti: Mat-ly nauch.-prakt. konf. M., 1990. P. 197–202 (in Russian).

25. Pochva, gorod, jekologija / Pod red. G.V. Dobrovol’skogo. Moscow, Fond «Za jekonomicheskuju gramotnost’», 1997, 320 p. (in Russian).

26. Prokof’eva T.V., Martynenko I.A., Ivannikov F.A. Sistematika pochv i pochvoobrazujushhih porod Moskvy i vozmozhnost’ ih vkljuchenija v obshhuju klassifikaciju // Pochvovedenie. 2011. N 5. P. 611–623 (in Russian).

27. Ramakrishna D., Viraraghavan T. Environmental impact of chemical deicers – a review // Water Air Soil Pollut. 2005. Vol. 166. P. 49–63.

28. Shainberg I., Letey J. Response of soils to sodic and saline conditions // Hilgardia. 1984. Vol. 52. N 2. P. 1–57. DOI: 10.3733/hilg.v52n02p057.

29. Shevjakova N.I., Kuznecov V.V., Karpachevskij L.O. Prichiny i mehanizmy gibeli zelenyh nasazhdenij pri dejstvii tehnogennyh faktorov gorodskoj sredy i sozdanie stress-ustojchivyh fitocenozov // Lesnoj vestnik. 2009. N 6 (15). P. 25–33 (in Russian).

30. Sister V.G., Koreckij V.E. Inzhenerno-jekologicheskaja zashhita vodnoj sistemy severnogo megapolisa v zimnij period. M.: Centr MGUIJe, 2004, 159 p. (in Russian).

31. Smagin A.V., Azovceva N.A., Smagina M.V. i dr. Nekotorye kriterii i metody ocenki jekologicheskogo sostojanija pochv v svjazi s ozeleneniem gorodskih territorij // Pochvovedenie. 2006. N 5. P. 603–615 (in Russian).

32. Zasolennye pochvy Rossii / Pod red. L.L. Shishova, E.I. Pankovoj. M.: IKC «Akademkniga». 2006, 854 p. (in Russian).