EVALUATION OF ADMISSIBLE IMPACT OF POLLUTANTS ON THE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN
Abstract
Approaches to the quantitative assessment of admissible impact of pollutants on the ecosystems of theRepublicofKazakhstanare discussed. Regional analysis of the anthropogenic load over the territory of theRepublicofKazakhstanshowed very high degree of the territorial localization of chemical pollution. A database of soil properties and parameters used for the assessment of critical load was created. A balance model was used to determine critical loads of acid depositions and nitrogen compounds. Admissible depositions of heavy metals were evaluated with due account of organic matter content, sorption capacity and availability of carbonates. The resulting maps and large amount of data make it possible to analyze in detail soils of the territory under study. The spatial analysis has revealed zonal distribution of the critical loads of acid rains and heavy metal depositions. Critical load is an indicator of ecosystem vulnerability and allows evaluating the risk of ecosystem damage. Regional assessment of critical loads contributes to the optimization of the strategy of pollutant emission reduction and the mitigation of their transboundary transport for the maximum environmental benefit.
Keywords
Supporting agencies: Russian Science Foundation (project 14-27-00083).
About the Authors
S. S. Ukashova
Kazakhstan Branch of the Lomonosov Moscow State University
Kazakhstan
Post-graduate student; Faculty of Geography, Department of Ecology and Nature Management
Kazakhstan
Post-graduate student; Faculty of Geography, Department of Ecology and Nature Management
P. P. Krechetov
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Russian Federation
Associate Professor, Ph.D. in Biology; Faculty of Geography, Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography
Russian Federation
Associate Professor, Ph.D. in Biology; Faculty of Geography, Department of Landscape Geochemistry and Soil Geography
References
1. Bashkin V.N. Ocenka jekologicheskogo riska pri raschetah kriticheskih nagruzok polljutantov na jekosistemy [Assessment of environmental risk in calculating critical loads of pollutants on ecosystems], Geografija i prirodnye resursy, 1999, no 1, pp. 35– 39 (in Russian).
2. Bashkin V.N., Tankanag V.A. Ocenka ustojchivosti vostochnoevropejskih jekosistem k atmotehnogennomu postupleniju sery i azota [Assessment of stability of Eastern European ecosystems to atmo-technogenic flow of sulfur and nitrogen], Problemy regional’noj jekologii, 2001, no 4. pp. 15–29 (in Russian).
3. Bitjukova V.R. Jekologicheskie problemy razvitija regionov Respubliki Kazahstan [Environmental problems on development of the Kazakhstan regions], EvroAzija Postsovetskoe prostranstvo, 2009, no 4, pp. 132–148 (in Russian).
4. Bogdanova M.D. Sravnitel’naja harakteristika bufernosti pochv Rossii po otnosheniju k kislotnym vozdejstvijam [Comparative characteristics of soil buffering in Russia in relation to acid exposure], Pochvovedenie, 1994, no 5, pp. 93–101 (in Russian).
5. De Vries W, Posch M, Reind G.J., Kamari J. Critical Loads and their Exceedances on Forest Soils in Europe. The Winand Staring Centre for Integrated Land // Soil and Water Res. Rep. Vol. 58. Wageningen, 1993. 116 p.
6. Filaretova A.N., Krechetov P.P., Koroleva T.V., Dianova T.M. Ustojchivost’ juzhno-taezhnyh jekosistem severo-vostochnoj chasti Moskovskoj oblasti k vozdejstviju kislotnyh osadkov [Stability of southern taiga ecosystems of the North-eastern part of the Moscow Oblast to the impacts of acid rain], Fundamental’nye issledovanija, 2012, no 11 (chast’ 3), pp. 542–547 (in Russian).
7. Gennadiev A.N., Pikovskij Ju.I. Karty ustojchivosti pochv k zagrjazneniju nefteproduktami i policiklicheskimi aromaticheskimi uglevodorodami: metod i opyt sostavlenija [Maps of soil resistance to pollution by oil products and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: method and experience of preparation], Pochvovedenie. 2007, no 1, pp. 80–92 (in Russian).
8. Glazovskaja M.A. Metodologicheskie osnovy ocenki jekologogeohimicheskoj ustojchivosti pochv k tehnogennym vozdejstvijam: Metodologicheskoe posobie [Methodological basis of assessment of environmental-geochemical soil resistance to anthropogenic influences: Methodological guide], M.: Izdatel’stvo MGU, 1997, 102 p. (in Russian).
9. Hettelingh J.P., Sverdrup H., Zhao D. Deriving Critical Loads for Asia // Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 1995. Vol. 85, Iss. 4. P. 2565–2570.
10. Kopcik G.N., Makarov M.I., Kiseleva V.V. Principy i metody ocenki ustojchivosti pochv k kislotnym vypadenijam: Uchebnoe posobie [Principles and methods for evaluating stability of soils to acid deposition: Textbook.], M.: Izdatel’stvo MGU, 1998. 96 p. (in Russian).
11. Krechetov P.P., Aljabina I.O. Teoreticheskie osnovy kolichestvennoj ocenki ustojchivosti pochv k tehnogennomu vozdejstviju [Theoretical basis for quantitative assessment of soil resistance to technogenic impact], Ohrana okruzhajushhej prirodnoj sredy. Pochvy. Moskva, VNII prirody, 2001, pp. 197–210 (in Russian).
12. Krechetov P.P., Koroleva T.V., Chernitsova O.V . Pochvennyjpokrov kosmodroma Bajkonur i ego ustojchivost’ k tehnogennomu vozdejstviju [Soil cover of Baikonur cosmodrome and its resistance to technogenic impact], Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seria 5. Geografia, 2015, no 3, pp. 12–24 (in Russian).
13. Nacional’nyj Atlas Respubliki Kazahstan. T. 1. «Prirodnye uslovija RK». Almaty, Izd-vo «Respublikanskaja kartograficheskaja fabrika Agentstva po zemel’nym resursam RK» [National Atlas of the Kazakhstan Republic. Volume I «natural conditions of the RK], Almaty 2006. 125 p. (in Russian).
14. Nacional’nyj doklad o sostojanii okruzhajushhej sredy Respubliki Kazahstan v 2010 godu [National Report on environmental conditions of the Kazakhstan Republic in 2010], Pod redakciej M.K. Baekenovoj, RGP «KazNIIJeK» MOOS RK, Almaty, 2011. 241 p. (in Russian).
15. National Human Development Report 2009. From Exclusion to Equality: Realizing the rights of persons with disabilities in Kazakhstan. UNDP Kazakhstan, 2009. 161 p.
16. Ohrana okruzhajushhej sredy v Kazahstane. 2007–2011 [Environmental Protection in Kazakhstan 2007–2011], Stat. sb. Astana, 2012. 322 p. (in Russian).
17. Posch M., deSmet P.A.M., Hettelingh J-P., Downing R.J. Calculation and Mapping of Critical Thresholds in Europe. Status Report 1999. Coordination Center for Effects // RIVM Rep. N. 259101009. 1999. Bilthoven, the Netherlands, 165 p.
18. Regiony Kazahstana v 2011 godu, [Kazakhstan Regions in 2011], Statisticheskij sbornik, Pod red. A.A. Smailova, Astana, 2012. 401 p. (in Russian).
19. Sajt Agentstva statistiki Respubliki Kazahstan, razdel Jekologicheskie indikatory monitoringa i ocenki okruzhajushhej sredy [Materials of the Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan site, section of Environmental indicators for monitoring and evaluation of the environment], 2015. URL: http://www.stat.gov.kz/ (Accessed: 20.03.2015).
20. Sajt rejtingovogo agentstva «Jekspert RA», razdel investicionnye rejtingi regionov Kazahstana. [Materials of rating agency «Expert RA» site, section of Kazakhstan regions investment ratings] 2015. URL: http://www.raexpert.ru/ratings/kazakhstan/ (Accessed: 20.03.2015).
21. Snakin V.V., Aljabina I.O., Krechetov P.P. Jekologicheskaja ocenka ustojchivosti pochv k antropogennomu vozdejstviju [Environmental assessment of soil resistance to anthropogenic impact], Izvestija RAN. Serija geograficheskaja, 1995, no 5, pp. 50–57 (in Russian).
22. Solnceva N.P. Geohimicheskaja ustojchivost’ prirodnyh jekosistem k tehnogennym nagruzkam [Geochemical stability of natural ecosystems to technogenic loads], Dobycha mineral’nogo syr’ja i geohimija prirodnyh system, M.: Nauka, 1982, pp. 181– 216 (in Russian)
23. Ugarova N.A. Novyj podhod k ocenke izmenenija ustojchivosti gorodskoj sredy na primere gorodov Cheljabinskoj oblasti [New approach to assessing the changes in stability of urban environment on the example of Chelyabinsk Oblast], Jekologija I promyshlennost’ Rossii, 2004, no 10, pp. 4–9 (in Russian).
Review
For citations:
Ukashova S.S., Krechetov P.P. EVALUATION OF ADMISSIBLE IMPACT OF POLLUTANTS ON THE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya. 2015;(5):25-33. (In Russ.)
Views:
792
Email this article 
