Influence of the late Holocene climate changes on forest ecosystems of the Sikhote-Alin biosphere reserve from the data of spore-pollen analysis of lake sediments

The relationship between climate change in the Late Holocene and evolution of Korean pine forests in the mid-mountain zone of the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve has been studied. Under moderately warm climate about 2640 cal BP Korean pine-oak formations, with admixture of Ayan spruce (Picea ajanensis (Lindl. et Gord.)), Khingam fir (Abies nephrolepis (Trautv.) Maxim.), and broad-leaved species, birches, alder and larch, developed in place of the modern Korean pine forests. With maximum warming around 2280 cal BP, maximum watering of the Nizhnee Lake occurred; its area increased and the aquatic and coastal-aquatic vegetation developed actively. Rising average annual and average summer temperatures contributed to a decrease in the position of Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. Et Zucc.) as a dominant in phytocenoses and stronger presence of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb). Climate breakdown around 2050 cal BP have led to the replacement of coniferous-broad-leaved forest by the Korean pine forests formation, which turned out to be a completely stable system within the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve and existed until the middle of the 17th century, when the coldest conditions for the last 2640 cal BP (the Maunder minimum of solar activity) occurred. At that time the limit of dark coniferous forests on the slopes surrounding the Nizhnee Lake became lower and spruce forest with Korean pine and small admixture of birch and broad-leaved trees got wider spread. Under more comfort climate conditions the spruce forest was replaced first by spruce-fir forests with Korean pine and an admixture of broad-leaved trees, and then, under modern warming conditions, by the Korean pine forest with some dark conifers and a rare admixture of broad-leaved trees. The driest period during the time interval under study occurred at approximately 2330 cal BP. The lake level decreased significantly at that time, and it was overgrown with sedge-grass family communities. Active overgrowing began when the groundwater level decreased during cooling and a significant reduction in the amount of atmospheric precipitation at about 1500 cal BP. Climate-induced successions of Korean pine forests of the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve reflect regional patterns of development of such forest communities and could be correlated with global paleoclimatic events.

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