Lithological features as a factor of economic development and settlement in the Udmurt Republic

Natural characteristics of the area historically influenced the character of territory development and settlement. A most important landscape differentiation factor of the territory of the Udmurt Republic is the alternation of Quaternary deposit types, which greatly complicates the zonal change of soil types. Depending on soil fertility within each natural landscape agricultural and forestry types of nature management were formed. The aim of the study was to confirm the relationships between the types of Quaternary deposits as a substrate for soil formation and settlement indicators as indicators of nature management types. The relationships were stu died within Professor V.I. Sturman’s landscape zoning scheme of the Udmurt Republic. To determine a character of the relationships, Calculation of pair correlation coefficients was the principal method of finding the nature of relationships under study. The research proved that landscapes with higher proportion of aeolian, marsh and alluvial deposits are characterized by lower population and settlement density, low density of the road network, and higher average population of rural settlements. The opposite trend for all the indicators mentioned above is observed in landscapes with higher proportion of eluvial, eluvial-deluvial and deluvial-solifluction deposits. It was proved that close relationship between the types of Quaternary sediments and settlement indicators varies in different parts of the republic, against the background of zonal climate changes and azonal relief changes. It turned out that the distribution of geographically incompatible aeolian and eluvial-deluvial deposits, which have the largest distribution areas, has the greatest impact on the settlement pattern. It was found that for the period from 1970 to 2020, the strength of most studied relationships decreased against the general trend of population outflow from rural areas to cities. This was due to the “low base effect”, which leveled off territorial contrasts in the population settlement within the landscapes of the Udmurt Republic.

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